COURAGE

łączymy kolekcje

Braşov Art Museum is one of the key museums in Braşov, visited both by the local public and by foreign tourists. The museum is made up of two parts: the National Gallery (a permanent exhibition) and a section for temporary exhibitions. The first part gathers items created by renowned artists in Romania, such as Nicolae Grigorescu, Ștefan Luchian, Nicolae Tonitza, and Hans Mattis Teutsch. The museum is the repository institution of more than 4,300 pieces of art created in various periods, from the sixteenth century to the twentieth century. The National Gallery focuses on illustrating the evolution of Romanian art, particularly Transylvanian art during the modern and contemporary periods. The second part of the museum hosts the temporary exhibitions organised by Braşov Art Museum in collaboration with other cultural institutions and associations or artists. The institution is administratively divided into the Art Section (Secţia Artă), responsible for the preservation and public promotion of the cultural heritage of the institution, and the Administrative and Financial Department, responsible for administrative activities.

The museum was officially founded in 1949 as a section of the Braşov Regional Museum. However, the first permanent art exhibition of the museum was opened in February 1950 in the historic building of the Braşov City Hall. In 1970, this art section (of the institution which in the meantime had become the Braşov County Museum) was moved into a historic building erected in 1902 in a neo-baroque style, which today hosts Brașov Art Museum. The latter became an independent institution in June 1990, when it separated from the Braşov County Museum. After 1990, the museum asserted itself as one of the most active cultural institutions in the city of Braşov.

The Bread and Puppet Theater was a politically radical puppet theatre, which was founded in 1962–1963 in New York. The founder was Peter Schumann, who was a sculptor and dancer. The troupe participated in anti-war protests during the Vietnam War. It regularly toured Europe, Canada, and the United States, and it recently visited Africa, Venezuela, and Australia. Their first European tour was in April and May 1968, when they appeared in London, Berlin, Amsterdam, and France. They have received many awards for their performances.

The exact date of the foundation of the film collection is 31 March 1941 when the Bulgarian Deed Foundation was established – an institution symbol of the official newsreel, a synonym of the Bulgarian weekly newsreel from 1941 to 1948 and less known as the originator of the state film and photo archive. The structure of the foundation consisted of two departments – "film" and "publishing" – which were in charge of the films and publications of the Department of National Propaganda as well as of their distribution and selling.

The Department of national Propaganda and the Bulgarian Deed Foundation preserved the earliest film production which today is still kept at the Bulgarian National Film Archive: 165 newsreels from the period before 9 September 1944 and more than 200 newsreels from the period between 9 September 1944 and 1948 when the foundation was closed down.

Although there were attempts at institutionalizing and founding a structural unit which would find and collect Bulgarian films (Law of film culture of 1946) a film archive was never founded.

In 1948, a Law of cinematography was adopted by means of which the film production in People's Republic of Bulgaria was nationalized. The Bulgarian Deed Foundation was closed down and the state enterprise "Bulgarian Cinematography" became its successor. All cine-films imported in the country, as well as all films produced or in process of production in the country, became state property. The private film companies were also nationalized. For many years the newly-established National Film Museum at the Bulgarian Cinematography functioned also as an archive. From the very beginning, the post of "head of the museum" was held by Vasil Gendov, a pioneer of the Bulgarian cinema, director, script-writer and actor in the leading role in the first Bulgarian feature film "Balgaran is Gallant" (1910 or 1915). Vasil Gendov stored at the museum all the film copies from the cinema network and the nationalized film distributors, all the posters, photographs and materials about the history of the cinema in Bulgaria that he managed to find; from 1952 he did the duties of councilor of cinema history. In 1952 with a decree of the Council of Ministers the Department of cinematography was reorganized into Committee of Cinematography and Home of Cinema was founded which took on the artistic responsibilities of the Union of Filmmakers. An enrichment of the museum of cinematography by creating an office of theory and history of cinema was envisaged; there was also a plan of founding a national film archive on history of cinematography with strongly exhibited ideological and political functions – the films "showing the main stages of the development of cinematographic art" should be imported from USSR and Czechoslovakia.

At the same time, professional artistic associations such as the Union of the Filmmakers of 1947 and the Home of Filmmakers exerted efforts to preserve the film documents. That essentially decentralized model of preservation of valuable film records was changed in the late 1950s with the foundation in 1958 of the National Film Archive of History of Cinematography at the Department of Cinematography (1958) which was moved the following year to the structure of the Research Institute of Cinematography and Radio (1959). After a number of attempts at differentiation, in 1963 the Bulgarian National Film Archive (BNFA) began to function as an independent institution maintained by the state budget. According to the decrees of the 1960s, the function of BNFA was "to collect, restore and preserve the films and the entire non-film national archival wealth related to cinema, to process and use for distribution cinematographic information and culture". From the very beginning, the film archive functioned adequately and was internationally recognized – in 1959 it became a regular member of FIAF (International Federation of Film Archives). Methodically the activity of BNFA was managed by the Archives State Agency (the former General Direction of Archives at the Council of Ministers). As a state institution, the National Film Archive did not have the chance to pursue independent policy regarding problems related to the distribution of cinematographic information. The socialist epoch was a period of centralized control and financing, of complete uniform management of all spheres of culture. Despite all the vicissitudes and problems, however, BNFA performed its main tasks – to preserve and transmit the national film and documentary wealth of Bulgaria. Today, BNFA is a state cultural institute of national significance. By the virtue of the Law for the obligatory deposit of printed and other works BNFA preserves the entire film fund since the introduction of cinema in Bulgaria. Save the collection of Bulgarian and foreign films, BNFA has an abundant cinema library containing documents, publications, files of films with records of the discussions of the Artistic Councils, scripts, production plans, edit lists, posters, photographs etc. The number of titles preserved exceeds 15 thousand – Bulgarian feature films, documentaries, popular science films, animation films, newsreels and copies of foreign films. They are all generally accessible and systematized in professional books of references. This allows each film work to be viewed as a "piece of history" (Alpers 2003), to reconstruct the context of its creation (idea, order, financing, functions), to study the reception of the particular film.

Today, BNFA pursues a broadly open policy regarding the filmmakers, the specialists of a wide range of sciences, students and pupils and the general public. Its funds are intensely used for scientific and research work, there are educational programmes engaging also the public. This leads to multiple points of view and well-grounded debates.