COURAGE

łączymy kolekcje

The NKVD (Narodnyi komissariat vnutrennikh del) was a ministry of the Soviet government responsible for security and law enforcement. Set up in 1917, the NKVD underwent numerous organizational and functional changes. Sometimes it included the secret political police, foreign intelligence, as well as the regular police force, the border guards, and the prison system. At other times, it was divided into two separate agencies, one responsible for state security and the other for law enforcement. These changes were due to political rather than administrative factors. The NKVD's notoriety as an instrument of terror belongs to the periods when the state security apparatus came under its jurisdiction (July 1934 to April 1943, except for February–July 1941). 

The Reformed Congregation at Cluj–Dâmbul Rotund is quite young. Its roots are in the Reformed Congregation at Cluj–Hidelve, from which it emerged to become independent on 1 January 1960, being the seventh congregation in Cluj. Its creation and self-empowerment may be traced back to earlier times. According to the record there were church services, Bible classes and Psalmist Garden meetings at changing locations here already in the 1930s. In addition to the sermon there was also teaching on the territory served by the congregation, which was hindered by nationalisation of the premises used in 1948. The question of actual self-empowerment took priority in 1958. In the presbytery they counted on the fact that, in addition to the separated congregation of the Iris district with 2,155 souls, if Dâmbul Rotund and Cordoș with 2,269 souls separated as well, the Hidelve church part would still be left with 3,981 souls. In November 1959 the dean's office of the diocese from Cluj in the rescript under no. 551/1959 approved the creation of the Reformed Congregation at Cluj–Dâmbul Rotund with posts of pastor, cantor and beadle. According to the justification, the congregation made up of 959 families in Dâmbul Rotund had had a prayer room since 1931, in various rented buildings according to the possibilities, and since 1 June 1959 their own church site in a 10 x 5m space equipped with electric lighting and electric convector heaters. Its constitution as an independent parish was also prescribed by the ecclesiastical laws. The newly created congregation chose its caretaker, main caretaker and presbytery. For two years, between 1960 and 1962, the assistant pastor of the congregation was Tibor Kozma, and then Dezső Molnár was invited to be the first pastor of the congregation. He served until 1968. In 1969 the congregation invited Dr. János Dobri to take over the vacant pastoral post, and he served there until his retirement in 1985. The congregation was led for the longest period by András Dobri, who served between 1986 and 2017. Currently Csaba Fazakas is pastor of the congregation of Dâmbul Rotund. The Reformed congregation has independently managed the complete order of business of the parish of Dâmbul Rotund since 1960 and thus its archive covers its entire history as an independent congregation. Documents prior to self-empowerment are to be found inventoried in the parish of Cluj–Hidelve, in annual breakdown.

The Saxon Regional-, State- and University Library Dresden (SLUB) is one of the largest academic libraries in Germany. In its capacity as a regional library it collects publications about Saxony, as a university library, it supplies a university that covers a wide range of subjects with information material and as a state library, it coordinates the libraries in Saxony. It also runs the Dresden Centre for Digitalisation which is leading in Germany.
As a public enterprise, the library is partly funded by taxes. Its duties are regulated by Saxon law.

The library also oversees the Dresden Centre for Digitalisation (DDZ) which is one of the major digitalisation centres in Germany in public ownership. The centre is actively involved in numerous partnerships and collaborations carrying out digitalisation projects. It also has a consultative role and provides expertise in the field of digitalisation in the region of Saxony, and contributes to technology and software development. The Digitalisation Centre is responsible for the coordination of the Saxon contributions to the Digital Library and Photothek.

The "Deutsche Fotothek" (German Photograph Collection) is a facility of the SLUB and affiliated with the Digitalisation Centre. Its main aim is collecting, documenting and facilitating the wide access to the visual material. In addition to that, it is responsible for outreach projects, contributing to online presentations, exhibitions and publications. The Phototek offers insight into numerous works of German photographers and of artists based and working in Germany. Apart from photographs, the archive also contains paintings, graphics, maps and architectural drawings. With the Archive of Photographers, the Fotothek has committed itself to the task of archiving important analogue and digital images. It cooperates with a number of photographic institutions, so it has the possibility to support photographers and their descendants in their search for the right place for their archive.

The Slovak National Archive (SNA) is the largest and most important public archive in the Slovak Republic. Because Slovakia had no status as an independent state, no central archive existed until the twentieth century. A Provincial Archive was first created in 1928, when a regional institution was established in Slovakia. In 1939 its agenda was taken over by the Ministry of the Interior, renamed the Archives of the Ministry of the Interior, and housed in the county building (Župný dom) in Bratislava. The Archive of the Ministry of the Interior co-operated with the central archives in Vienna and Budapest and prepared documents for the establishment of a central state archive in Slovakia.

In 1945 the archive was placed under the administration of Board of Commissioners (Zbor povereníkov – the Slovak executive body) and continued its activity as the Archive of the Slovak Interior Authority (Povereníctvo vnútra). On 20 May 1952, The Slovak Central Archive was established. Its basic purpose was to gather and make available archival material of national importance, but it also was responsible for directing and controlling all regional, district, and municipal archives in Slovakia. On 1 October 1954, The Slovak State Central Archive was established on the basis of a government regulation. It began to gather archival material of national significance in repositories at Červený Kameň Castle and in Bratislava. In 1955, the archive acquired its own building on Križkova Street in Bratislava. In 1975, The Slovak State Central Archive was renamed The State Central Archive of the Slovak Socialist Republic.
Political and social changes that have occurred since 1989 are reflected in the renaming of The State Central Archive to its current form, the Slovak National Archive.

SNA holdings are divided into two departments: older funds, and new funds. The department of older funds holds historical documents from the twelfth to twentieth centuries in several languages, and consists of 2,624 linear meters of records. It includes 383 archive collections of church institutions, noble families, and their feudal lordship and inferior nobility. There are also personal archive collections (126 personal funds), created by the activities of important Slovak personalities from political, economic, cultural and other spheres of public life. In addition to the classical archive funds, the department also includes 56 archive collections created by institutions and individuals.

The department of new funds was established on 1 July 1993. At present, this department administers 351 archive collections, which were collected by the highest authorities of state power and administration from the period of the First Czechoslovak Republic, The Slovak Republic (1939–1945), and post-war Czechoslovakia; these collections cover the period from 1918 until 1968 and contain 23 818 linear meters of documents.
In the period after 1945, the basic archive funds include documents from The Slovak National Council, the Board of Commissioners and other central offices in Slovakia. At present, less than half of the material is available for research purposes from the total of archive documents managed by the department.

The establishment of the Slovak Office for Press and Information (Slovenský úrad pre tlač a informácie, SÚTI) on 4 September 1968 was one of the first steps backward to conditions preceding the Prague Spring. The creation of SÚTI followed the foundation of the Office for Press and Information (Úrad pre tlač a informácie) on 30 August 1968. Its main task was to regulate and to supervise the ideational focus of press, broadcast, and television. Simultaneously, it was supposed to become the leading consultative platform of the Central Committee and particular editorial offices. The Office’s administration also took over the former agenda of the Ministry of Culture and Information concerning the cadre's policy of publishers and individual editorial offices.

The foundation of SÚTI was a direct implementation of the principles included in Moscow protocols, which aimed to bring mass media back under ideological control. Its inner structure formed the department of propaganda, department of assessment and department of the press. The central activities of SÚTI concerned the systematic production and accumulation of explicit assessments and analyses, that were consequently sent to the Department of Propaganda and Agitation (Oddelenia propagandy a agitácie) of the Central Committee of the Slovak Communist Party. The leading task was to achieve the ideological “purity” of mass media. In the case of the revelation of a discrepancy between the published content and consolidating tactics, there were imposed certain sanctions against publishers.